[SOUND] Welcome, welcome back. What I want to do now is to continue our discussion of milk ejection, and give you some additional, literally, some insights to what's going on inside the mammary gland. And we're going to use some ultrasound. So there's a series of videos here. This first video is made by Gerardo Caja at the University of Barcelona and some of his colleagues. And we appreciate him allowing us to use these videos. And what they did was, they used ultrasound probes, and you just kind of see where they're shooting the probes. So they put the probe down here, and it would take the image there. So here's an example of one of the probes there. So it's going to give an image like this, this kind of triangular shaped-image. So the teat's here, the gland cistern, recall, is here, cisternal ducts are here. But what you need to understand is, what you're actually going to be watching in the video, this image is turned upside down. So instead of the teat being down here, the teat will be on top. So keep that in mind as we as we go through this video, so let's go ahead and get started. So again, this is just telling you that now, the gland cistern's up here. The teat would be up here, parenchymal tissue here. A cisternal duct would be an example of this guy right here. And there's the different, the four quarters of the same cow. And you can see, they're not exactly the same shape, so they're not identical shaped in each of the four quarters. So each quarter of the cow is a little bit different. What I want to demonstrate with these videos is what happens during the process of milk ejection. So what they've done is, they've gotten the probe set up on a cow. Everything's set up and ready to go, and then they inject oxytocin. So if you follow along the line down here, is injecting oxytocin. This echoing here, this is essentially ultrasound echoing here, so this is not really milk. But the fact that there's milk here, cisternal duct is injected oxytocin. We're at, what, 17 seconds into this now. You can start to see, there is some flow here through, a little bit of flow, hasn't really gotten quite going yet. 30 seconds, alveolar milk is starting to see, there's a lot of action here. Alveolar milk is starting to flow through these cisternal ducts. And what he's done here is, he's drawn a circle around kind of the initial diameter of the cistern. And so what we want to do is say, okay, using that a reference point, how is it continuing to expand? So again, milk is flowing through these cisternal ducts. These are dilated, and milk is flowing out of there. And again, this area is continuing to expand as milk is being pushed down into the cistern. The cow's not being milked, so milk is not being removed. It's just all intramammary pressure here is pushing milk into that cisternal area. And so you can really see that to expand here. And I think he calculates it's an increase of about 120% increase over what the area was initially when it started. Now, a dairy ewe, so we're going to switch over to a ewe. In this case, the probe's going in the other direction. So the teat's down at the bottom in this case, the teat's down here. Adjusting the probe to find the teat, so he's moving the probe to find out, again, cisterns here, where is the teat? The teat's going to be right about there. And again, you can see the cisternal ducts up in here. And now, putting the milking machine on the ewe. And you can actually see them putting the milking machine on the teat right there, just put it on. And you can start to see milk flowing out. And so what we're really after here is the size of the cistern. The animal's already got milk ejection. A lot of the milk has been pushed down to the cisterns. It's flowing out of the mammary gland. And gradually, the cistern starts to shrink as the mammary gland empties, including the gland cistern, the teat cistern. So it's substantially shrunken down, because all the milk has been removed from the cisternal area. [SOUND]