[MUSIC] In this set of videos, we're going to be talking about something I call mother and Neonate. And I kind of want to explain what I'm talking about there. What we're really talking about is a time around the time of giving birth, the parturition. This peripartum period, let me go ahead and write that word down. Partum meaning around, or parturition, and peri meaning around the time of parturition, and there's a lot of things happening there. One of the key things is, all of the sudden, not only do we have the mammary gland and the mother, but we've all of the sudden, we've got the neonate to deal with. So you want to kind of think about that. So this video, this introductory video is really kind of helping us put these things together and think about how all this fits together in terms of timing around parturition. S just as a review, quick review, let's go to the first slide. And we've been through this cycle in the mammary development, so remember the animal, in this case we're talking about the mother. During the fetal development of the mammary gland, prepubertal, postpubertal period when we start getting the reproductive hormones changing. And then pregnancy, a lot of mammary development occurring during pregnancy. And then lactogenesis is the initiation of lactation, leading us into the lactation when they are producing the milk. So we're talking about this period here, next slide. So again around this time of parturition, lactogenesis being one of the key things that's occurring during that time period. So let's put some of these things together here, next slide. So again one of the key things is all of a sudden fairly rapidly the mammary gland to this, we also have a neonate. These two things are going to start interacting together, once this little guy gets up and starts suckling the mammary gland, it's starting to change the physiology of that mammary gland. So you gotta lot of things that are happening simultaneously during this period, next slide. So what I'm doing here is taking cartoon and drawing out different kinds of things that are happening in this peripartum period. First of all, let's put down here. So this bar represents parturition, and parturition is not instantaneous. It's usually relatively fast, hopefully number of hours, that sort of thing or perhaps a little shorter, a little bit longer, depending on the species and what's going on. So that's parturition, obviously this is pregnancy and then this is after giving birth. The top line here is really about, Mammary development or mammary growth. And we talked about this before in other modules, mammary development during pregnancy, parturition and then even mammary development continuing after parturition. So this kind of keeps on going and again, we're not going to focus very much on that in this particular module. Next slide, so we can add in there down at the bottom. And, What do we have here, we have this particular, we're going to call fetal development. Fetal development that's the kind of the green or blue line that we have here. And then of course after that, once the animal is born, once the young is born, the neonate is born, we can kind of think of this as neonatal development. So again, lots of things going on here. Mammary glands continuing to grow, fetal development. Things are happening very rapidly at the time of parturition in terms of change that are happening. And then of course then neonatal development, we can think of this as interuterine development of the fetus. And then extra-uterine development where the mother is still having a great deal of impact on the development of this animal after it's born. Let's go to the next slide. And we need to factor here another kind of functional difference in the mammary gland, in this case, the yellow's indicating colostrum formation. And this is occurring during late pregnancy, later pregnancy as the slow process starts building until colostrum. The mammary gland's pretty much full of colostrum at parturition, and then pretty well stops at that point. Again, it depends on species a little bit as to kind of when exactly it stops. But certainly after parturition, we don't expect continued colostrum formation. Here we're getting the change in mammary secretion composition from Colostrum, indicated by the yellow here to milk. So that's occurring right after parturition, and then finally, this idea of lactogenesis. So let's see, where do we have here? So lactogenesis, I kind of drew it down there, I'll just put that up there. So I've indicated here, is for a cow. So this is a cow. So this would be the calf, development fetus and so on, lactogenesis. If you look at this carefully, I've indicated in this kind of oval shaped for the cartoon, that it actually starts prepartum and extends even postpartum. And we're going to get into more details about different stages of lactogenesis, one and two stages in that particular case and where it fits. But what we want to do is to focus on this idea that in the cow and in other species, mammary growth is occurring during this period, around parturition, colostrum is accumulating, forming, in the mammary gland. We have lactogenesis occurring around this, and again, this is what we're going to see is, depending upon the species is to where this happens kind of relative to giving birth. And all of a sudden again, this idea from the fetal development to the animal being born, the young being born, in neo-natal development. Now let's take a look at another species, the pig, or in this case the sow. And couple things you may or may not have noticed is that we've kind of shifted this over. So colostrum formation in the sow is occurring even closer to parturition, and maybe extends a teeny bit beyond when the animal has her litter, gives birth to her litter. What you'll also notice is this idea of lactogenesis, whereas a cow is kind of back here, has now shifted over and it's more or less simultaneously with the Parturition, so it's shifted over a bit. You cannot go to a sow and get very much milk out of her or very much colostrum out of her prior to parturition. You start getting colostrum right away when she starts giving birth because there's a lot of oxytocin going, in the blood of the animal at that particular point. You get a lot of milk ejection going on and it extends a little bit beyond parturition. Now let's consider our own species. So a woman giving birth, again parturition, going through labor, giving birth to the baby here. What we find is that again this colostrum formation has shifted just a teeny bit more here, but what we particularly start to see is at lactogenesis, when the stages of lactogens has really kind of shifted at parturition and then after parturition. So with a cow, we saw that whereas a lot of what was happening prepartum, the sow, the pig is happening more or less at the same time of parturition. And now with a lactating woman we start to see it's actually shifted to a little bit more postpartum. And that's because of some of the hormonal changes that are occurring around the time of parturition are a little bit different for these particular three species So let's take a quick review of some of the things that we've gone over here in this video at this point. Birth of the neonate, things start to shift very rapidly in terms of mammary gland function, going primarily from growth, prepartum to some growth yes, but particularly then producing milk. Memory gland growth does continue throughout that period, this peripartum period around parturition, so it doesn't just stop and other things happen. Mammary gland growth is continuing, colostrum formation is occurring prepartum and usually not extending very much postpartum. When the young are born, the mammary gland is full of colostrum at that particular point. And might continue producing a little teeny bit beyond that but usually it's right around that time period. And then it starts shifting over to producing milk, or more milk composition. Lactogenesis, again lactogenesis is defined as the initiation of lactation, is the starting of lactation, is occurring peripartum, so it's occurring around this time of parturition. But we also saw that there's a difference between species, so in the cow it's occurring a bit prepartum, the sow it's occurring roughly at the same time as parturition. And then in lactating women it's occurring a little bit postpartum. In this time of, in this peripartum period that we're talking about here is a time of very rapid changes in the mammary gland both structurally and functionally. And we'll start to get into some of those in some of the videos that are coming up in this particular module. [SOUND]
