So Corrine, one of the other things we've talked about in cows is prevalence of mastitis. We talked about that actually in lactating women. What do you see in the swine industry in terms of prevalence? Just, how often do you see this. So it's definitely something that you're going to see if you have lactating sows. However, the prevalence can vary based on the farm that you're at. A farm that's really paying attention to this, I would expect to see somewhere 4 to 5 percent of the sows becoming affected with some type of mastitis, whether it be environmental where they're more systemically ill or contagious. Honestly, if they're paying attention you're probably going to see more of the Staphs and the Streps and you're probably only going to see 4 to 5 percent of a large group of sows. If they're really not paying attention or if it just really isn't important to the, to the manager, then you may see upwards of 25 to 30 percent of the sows becoming affected with some type of mastitis. Now, most farmers are really gonna care about this because if they're in the business of raising pigs, sows that don't milk or sows that can't milk don't raise very good pigs. Yes. It's interesting because historically, and I think I've mentioned this in one of the earlier videos. Long ago, in this country, as people were starting to get a feel for, in the dairy cattle, mastitis and starting to recognize the distinction between these types of-of mastitis. Early on, contagious mastitis I think Strep ag for example, was the major pathogen for a while now. Now Staph aureus is, because we-we understand how to take care of Strep ag. But what-what happened was that when they started recognizing that if we do certain things like teat dipping, regular teat dipping and a dry cow antibiotic therapy, all of a sudden, you started taking care of these and all of a sudden the major types started to become the environmentals. We started to see a shift in which type and so it's almost like you're talking about the opposite situation. And that kind of leads me into my next question is-is because of the way that we manage and then house lactating sows and-and farrowing barns and so on. You have the opportunity to really control the environment, very significantly all the way down from humidity and-and-and-and temperature, cleanliness, and so on. It's much harder to do that for dairy cows and in a, in a dairy operation. And so again can you kind of speak to that in terms of what difference that makes. Yes. So you're absolutely correct. When we're, when we're housing sows, especially, sows with a litter of piglets. We're housing them. We do control a lot of their environment. And so, like I said, we always want to put sows into very clean farrowing houses or farrowing crates in farrowing rooms. We do practice all in all out. So every time that we have an empty room that is clean and fresh and starts anew, we bring in an entire group of pigs and they go in there and they farrow, they're gonna stay in there while they're lactating and then they're all gonna leave at the same time. And again, we're gonna clean it out very well. And when we're talking about sows in a farrowing house, classically, they are in farrowing crates where they're there with their piglets and we have a really good system for getting rid of waste. So as the sow defecates it's going to fall through the slats and it's gonna be taken away from her. So she's not sitting in feces and because she's not sitting in that she stays a lot cleaner. Because she's able to say a lot cleaner, we do see that environmental is not as big a problem for her. Unfortunately, that's a little different when it comes to a dairy cow. She can move around a lot more than the sow can. Yes. And then in our other conversations you've-you've commented on, started to comment on the fact that the industry is changing, gradually changing, it's sort of starting to move a little bit away from the farrowing crates. Is-what might we expect in the future, and are we gonna start to see potentially some greater problems with this? It's possible that we might. So right now we are housing our sows pretty specifically and somewhat the same throughout the industry, where we have them set up where waste is immediately removed as quickly as possible so the animals can stay as clean as they can. But we're moving towards a group gestation or group farrowing - not group farrowing so fast at this moment, but I can certainly foresee that that might be a possibility. And when we have more group situations, we have less control like you see in the dairy cows as to where the sow herself decides to defecate. Right. And if she decides to defecate in a location that it's harder for us to get in and clean, we are definitely gonna see more issues with-with cleanliness and whether we can keep the teats and the udders absolutely clean. So, like any situation, when we change our management style, we might solve some problems, we might also raise some other kinds of problems. So Corrine, I want to thank you very much for-for coming and sharing some time with us, and explaining and talking about mastitis in swine. It's again, some similarities with cattle-cattle, some differences. And it really kinda comes back to I guess part of my approach to this is the broader base we have to understand this disease, the better we're gonna understand it overall because even though cows are a little bit more specific in some ways, swine are a little bit more specific, lactating women are more, a little bit more specific. Again, the more we understand about the broader picture, the better we'll be able to understand all of those different kinds of species and how this disease impacts everyone. So again, thank you Corrine. Dr. Brumfield, again for-for joining us and-and sharing some time with us. Thank you for inviting me. I had a great time. Good. Thank you.
