So this process milk ejection, reflex process, is not instantaneous. And so now we want to kind of look at the timing of this. How long does it take for nerve impulses to come up here, things that happen in the brain, going back to the mammary gland and causing milk ejections. So let's take a look at this process. So we'll map this out. So how long does it take for the nerve impulses once you start stimulating the mammary gland to go and get to the brain? Not very long at all, milliseconds really. So let's call it less than one second. How long's it take for the response in the brain to result in oxytocin? So let's call that release of oxytocin, that's release of Oxytocin. We're talking about one to two seconds. So again, very, very fast. One to two seconds. Once oxytocin is released, then according to our red arrows here, it's going back for the circulation. How long does it take for that to happen? Circulate back to the mammary gland. We're talking about, say, 19 to 22 seconds. So how long does it take for anything that gets in the bloodstream to circulate around through the body? That's approximately the timeframe. So, 19, say, 20, 22 seconds, something like that. Then once it gets to the mammary gland it has to bind to myopethelial cells. The receptors from the myopethelial cells then cause contraction. So contraction, contraction of myoepithelial cells, and that's six seconds. So again, fairly fast. But it's still not milk ejection yet. So we're really just kind of starting the whole process. Milk ejection to get actual milk ejection. If you're talking about another 20 to 30 seconds. So all total, one minute and I'm going to emphasize, or more. So from the time you start this process of stimulating the mammary gland. Going to the brain, release oxytocin, going back, get milk ejection. Really see milk ejection, we're talking about at least a minute and in a lot of cases more than that. In fact, in the cow we're probably more often talking about a couple of minutes for that to occur. So, let's take a look at oxytocins. So again, this idea of oxytocins going back to the blood, take a closer look at this. So this graph represents oxytocin concentration in the blood. So prior to stimulating the mammary gland. Again, oxytocin is fairly level, it doesn't change a lot. Start stimulation, so a lot of this part of what we're talking about here. So we're really talking about a few seconds here. Specially right in here, is occurring here. By the time you actually an increase in oxytocin concentration, again, we're getting down to this half a minute range, something like that. Getting milk ejection, oxytocin then continues to increase and peaks. And then will drop off. You see we're talking about a few minutes here. So this is a process which occurs very quickly, again this is why timing is so important for thinking about milk ejection. This is when you'd have the milking machine on in the case of a cow, and that oxytocin is increased through this whole time frame. And then eventually it'll drop back down to normal, it might take it another half an hour or so before it's going to drop down to close to the basal levels. In the case of a cow they can actually respond to very low levels of oxytocin. So it doesn't necessarily need this high level of oxytocin, so it's letting its milk down through this whole time period. That's not necessarily true for all species and our of our other models we use in this course is the pig. And in that case, they're really only allowing milk ejection, or milk ejection is only occurring at the very, very, very peak of oxytocin release. And so it's really only, in that case, milk ejection's only happening for 15 seconds. In the case of the cow, it's happening over five, six, seven minute period in this particular species.