[MUSIC] Hi, there! Welcome back! In our last two videos, we established how, in general, the Church perceived magic as a threat throughout the Middle Ages. From early Christian authors to late medieval theologians, churchmen warned against the perils of natural and demonic magic alike. Magic and its practitioners fell progressively under suspicion and became the target of religious persecution. In our last video, we also saw how the laws issued by ecclesiastical and secular authorities had little to no effect on actually persuading people from old customs and dangerous invocations. In the 13th century, a new actor would come into play, and persecution would begin to bear fruit by means of its more effective weapon to date: inquisitorial tribunals. The decade of the 1230s is usually considered the foundational date of what is commonly known as <b>the Inquisition</b>. However, the Middle Ages were still far from witnessing the appearance of a solid structure institution, and, at least from the 13th century up to the end of the Middle Ages, it would be more accurate to speak of individuals who were appointed to do a job they took pains to perform outstandingly well: they were the <b>inquisitors</b>. The main goal of this churchmen was to persecute <b>heretics</b>, those <b>Christians</b> (and that's an important remark for inquisitors have no jurisdiction over Jews or Muslims), those Christians, I say, who deviated from the path defined by dogma and the authority of Pope and bishops. To do so, inquisitors enjoyed certain privileges. They were directly under papal authority and were entitled to take action in virtue of their office, <i>ex officio</i>, which enabled them to act upon a simple rumor. The <i><b>inquisito</i></b>, that is, the enquiry itself, was followed by a period of grace during which people were encouraged to denounce others and incriminate themselves. After that, the process was conducted in secret. Witnesses deemed inadequate for other causes were accepted here (such as children or convicts) and the accused had no right to appeal. But, how did inquisitors end up persecuting the practitioners of magic? (what they would call 'sorcerers') The key point was that during baptism, Christians renounce Satan and his minions. Therefore, to fall back into his paws meant abjuring Christian faith. Strictly speaking, those who did so could even be considered as <b>relapsers</b>, literally, someone who has fallen twice, (that is, counting the fall of Adam and Eve, a sin with which all humans are born) and the punishment for such miscreants was clear enough, the gruesome death by fire at the stake. This sort of cases could have easily led inquisitors to stray from their main goal and Pope Alexander IV, around 1260s, stated that, unless magic was unmistakingly related to heresy, they should leave it to local authorities. Some inquisitors, however, argued that all magic implied heresy, for all of it was demonic in nature. Heresy could also be found in a person's actions, and not only in his or her beliefs. On that basis, Pope John XXII, in the early 14th century, instructed inquisitors to persecute necromancers and other sorcerers. Many late medieval trials, especially in that century, were directed against clerics engaged in necromancy (which we will discuss in the last mandatory video of this unit). If I asked you now to describe a medieval inquisitor, you would probably come up with the profile of some sort of sadist; but let it be said that medieval inquisitors were, first and foremost, believers, who advised against torture, and whose primary mission was to identify, expose and eradicate anything, or anyone, posing a danger to Christianity. The stake was never their first option, and careful deliberations preceded each sentence, whereas popular persecutions were arbitrary, indiscriminate and followed no procedure whatsoever. I'm not trying to imply that standing before the inquisitors accused of sorcery was the best-case scenario for anyone, but it still provided certain guarantees that other more spontaneous 'proceedings' totally lacked. That said, famous trials in which the Devil himself was involved spring to mind and seem to contradict this argument somewhat, see for example the cases of Joan of Arc or the Knights Templar, who, among other things, were charged with venerating a head and a cat. But all of them had a strong political component, motivations that were far beyond religious zeal. Mighty forces were at play and turned Satan into a convenient scapegoat, so to speak. The accusations of orgies, sodomy, incest, blood baths, and summonings present in these trials would be the bread and butter of the witch craze of the Modern Era; but, ironically enough, were rather old, and had been applied back at the beginning of our Era to a rather heretic and dangerous sect that would eventually change the face of the world forever: Christianity. In the following videos we will follow on the steps of a particularly famous inquisitor in his tireless fight against evil. We'll learn about some of his concerns regarding magic and we'll discover the most unlikely sorcerer's brought to trial. Don't miss it! [MUSIC]