Okay. So, what do we apply this technology to? So, within CTCT, within the joint venture, these are the machine types that we cover. So, the laser pointer is not going to work on the screen. So, this is a dozer or track-type tractor, we're all pretty familiar with that. Motorgrader. Again, and these machines generate the fine grading or the high accuracy machines. So it's really applicable to this. Excavator. This has been a massive growth area for us over the last five years, so making that machine automated. Soil compactor. So this is packing down and compacting the soil as we've been excavating it. Asphalt Paver and an asphalt compactor. So, you'll see those things around on the road. Concrete Paver, big scary machine laying up massive bit of road in one pass. Cold planing machines, this is for milling up or cutting up old roads, if you're going to do some rehabilitation type work. Wheel Loaders. The other one that's interesting with these is like quarry and aggregate-type stuff where you're picking up materials and doing payloads. So you actually understand how many tons you're picking up. So we've got systems that will do that. Think about picking up aggregate and putting it into a truck. A truck carrying way more than a certain amount to go on the road would be illegal and especially if you're billing a customer by how much you're moving. So, think about all those systems tied together. We'll get to that in a bit as well. Terrain leveler. I don't see those around that much, but basically it's like a cold planer, but it's got a milling hit on the back. Skid steer, and then there's- you see a lot of these around at the moment. [inaudible] Kelley trucking the company. It's called a scraper. So, that's basically something that picks up a lot of dirt in one pass by itself. So, if you're doing bulk excavating, it's a really efficient machine for moving the dirt further. This machine is good for pushing dirt only. So, far you couldn't push it loaded. You would be inefficient to push dirt more than say, 400 yards, 500 yards. Whereas that machine's good for picking up a lot of dirt. Obviously, it's got rubber tires, so it can drive and take that dirt far more efficiently further. So, we make technology systems that will guide all those machines and they obviously all play different stages in the construction of a road or airport, or whatever it is that's being built. Okay. Now we start getting into the meat of it for you guys So, what does it take to build up a system, to galvanize machine. So, I'm going to go through all the components. James is probably going to start getting more animated at this point and start holding things up. So, the first but at this stage in all of this it's still got an operator. It still got one of us, there's still a human in the machine. We haven't got full autonomy yet, it's coming. Within CTCT we actually make systems for CAT mining and a lot of those mining sites have fully autonomous machines. So, most of it's the big off highway trucks especially in Australia, they don't have operators anymore. It's very much like a drone, military drone type operations. There's some guy in a room like this guy in the control room down here that we walked past just like that from Perth, running machines that are 400 kilometers away. So, that autonomy from the mining is coming towards construction, we're just not quite there yet. So, in the meantime for the construction guys is operators. So, we need some kind of human machine interface. The big line first and foremost is the display. So, you'll see this fire up soon but it's a 10-inch Android ruggedized, you guys can hand it round. Built specifically for this market, it starting to be dropped. It did all over it. Operating temperature is minus 40C to plus 70C so far broader environmental envelope than say a consumer grade Galaxy Tab or something like that. They're things designed to be in the cab of machine, sunlight readable. So, [inaudible] is light bars which we don't have any here but they're like little LED strips that you put on the car windows so they're in the peripheral vision of the operator. So, as he's looking at it, whatever he's cutting, he can see green telling him to go up or down. Buzzer so audible. So, something so you can hear a tone like a sonar system. So, you can hear at tone when you're on grade. Switches, obviously the guys on those controls, switches so they can go into and out of automatic-manual, increment-decrement. That's the human side of it and then we have our system talking to the machines so ultimately all these electronics has to tune into moving hydraulic fluid to physically move the parts of the machine. So, we have the single develop module which basically is our interface of turning all of our electronic wizardry into commands to move up spool and a hydraulic block, which makes the hydraulic oil move which means the blade goes up and down or the bucket goes in and out. Power management. Predominantly these machines are 24 volt. Small machines can be 12 volt, so we have to do some power management there. Also things like relays so think about stopping. Yeah, you drive around machines up the systems all up and running it's booted up. Yeah, it's effectively a computer system says is the boot up time but your boss comes over and wants you to talk to you for five minutes so you have to turn the machine off. We've set it up so that the system will still stay running for x minutes. So, you don't have to reboot so sort of power management is a key part as well. Then you start bringing in the 3D positioning technology. So, you can pass around GPS receiver so again much like the display. This thing is a GPS receiver but- I just got a question. Question. Have you consider the heads up displays? Yes we have. A little bit more augmented reality and I'll show you a video that coming up. Yes, and also things like a piso projector onto the actual glass to the cab of things we're experimenting with. Good question but you'll see a video that soon. Your GPS receiver, GNSS receiver much like the display ruggedized designed for the environment shocked and vibration. So, the actual specified look at that. If that's to asking questions. Yeah. So, GNSS receiver is designed to survive on these machines. UTS so that's robotic total station. So, you see them as more of a survey type instruments so it's measuring horizontal angle and vertical angle and it has a laser distance meter on it. So, it looks at a target on the machine that's actually the most accurate system we have, again around that three millimeters of accuracy out of UTS. So we use- Okay, back to the machines, do you think it would be okay to use say GPS [inaudible] is good for 25 millimeters of accuracy vertical [inaudible] UTS, which I've just described is good for three millimeters. Of those machines, which ones would not be very good for GPS? So, GPS is fine here. We are cutting dirt, that's all right. We cut too much dirt, we can put a little bit back. It's okay. Do we? Huh? To the excavator? Excavator? Again, Yeah, GPS is okay. It's not too bad, you can pick dirt up, you can put dirt back. What about when we start putting down asphalt or we start laying concrete? It depends on the accuracy of the application that you need more. Application you would use UTS? Yes. So, UTS. We only use UTS really on the asphalt pavement, well, we don't use GPS on the asphalt pavement or concrete pavement. Make sure your driving down 36, plus or minus an inch the whole way. We'd all be in getting new suspension on our cars every other week. Yeah. Plus the yield, the amount of material that you'd be burning through would be astronomical. You've got to apply the technology to the correct application. Hold on. So, there's UTS up here. So, those are our 3D technologies. Then, you get into the little weird how we describe it, but we call it 2D Technology, two-dimensional. So, generally more just vertical, occasionally we use it for horizontal. It's not the greatest of ways to describe it, but we have sonic sensors, that are, James help me out. The best way to describe it, as a speaker and a microphone in one. So, it's sending out ultrasonic sound and then it's measuring time of flight off the surface to see how far away that surface is, using like a ceramic, what do you call that? Microphone by speaker, microphone all over. Right out sound waves. Yeah, right out sound waves. Here you go. We make contact sensors. So, these are sensors that are designed to have a little arm and they physically drag along the ground, and these are rotation, to measure if I'm going up or down, off the surface. Rotation sensors, this machine, the degrees of freedom that this machine has is pretty scary. One of the main ones is that moldboard can rotate. So, we make a rotation sensor, for measuring rotation, it goes on that machine. Heading sensors, so we have a compass, which we've just been experimenting with. So, literally a magnetometer, so it's measuring the Earth's magnetic field, and we can derive heating from that. Laser Receiver and Laser Transmitter. So, this is some of the oldest technology in the industry. It's been around since the 60s, so I think about a flat laser. A laser pointer, but spinning, laying out a plane, and then we have a corresponding receiver on the machine, so we can tie in for height, or you can put a slope on that plane or you'll [inaudible] in more and more or we're [inaudible] doing less and less of this over the years, and more and more in this space and this space. So, gravity or inertial, so IMUs. So, six degrees of freedom, roll pitch, and your acceleration, and gyros. Again, James, will hand them around. Here's two examples. The bigger one is just a slightly more recognized version of the smaller one, but by six degress of freedom. Again, think about the application, think about the effect that these have to survive, and provide accurate results on the back of a bulldozer blade, or on the dog bone down where the bucket of an excavator, which is incredibly harsh environment. Without the state back from IMUs, you just got basic angles sensors and there's various technologies you can do there just to measure angle. But, we're doing more and more with the IMUs, as we progress. Any questions on those positioning technologies? Yeah? So, what exactly is the purpose of an IMU? Are doing state estimation using that? To my lovely assistant. Again, so an IMU uses a term we had a gyro measuring [inaudible]. Yeah, I know that. With that, you're doing Marty's date estimation. You're trying to figure out where's the boom relative to gravity? So, as it goes up and down, you can detect that, based of that you can figure out where the sticks moving so forth and so forth. You can figure out where the blade, the bucket. Not the estimation of the whole piece of equipment. [inaudible] There's a slide coming out. Yeah. It's good key in for one of the slides coming up. You'll see all of the stuff on the machine. So, most of these systems, you'll have a bunch of components. That's one of the big things is we look at. You design a component that is all [inaudible] you start getting to a system level you bring together maybe 10, 15 components to build an entire system. Yeah. You'll see these soon. We're piece mailing out the parts here, all the components. You're all going to have a guide and put all this together and see it will working at some point. So, it's a pretty impressive system, when you bring all the pieces together. So, we had the genius, this receiver. Question. What are the new technologies for exploring and positioning like apart from this? The IMUs bases sent me advancing at a record rate. The miniaturization, that we're getting the accuracy, that we are getting out of a solid-state sensors, definitely. Fusion between IMUs and GNSS is another pretty exciting area. So, traditionally, that's been separate things and separate parts of the machine. But, think about fusing GNSS in IMUs, optics, yeah, optics is. Like machine vision for position? Yeah. Definitely some research happening in that type of space around the world in various organizations, yeah, but the key areas for sure. Also for us, we don't really go into it in this presentation, but this human machine interface, around that display. Think about iPhones, think about iOS. How much easier that is to use than say old BlackBerry, so CT. CT has been spinning a lot of time and money and feasting on the Android operator facing piece of the system to make it easier, so any one of us can get into it and understand it. Since showed us, it's not scary. Not necessarily designed by engineers. We have specific people with psychology degrees that should help us design the stuff. Question. What is this? That's an IMU, Initial Measurement Unit. Good question. So, where did GNSS receiver down there, but that thing if it's just autonomous or not getting corrections, it's good for about 10 meters. So, we need to send it some corrections from a base station. We get those corrections, they are via a data radio. We have three different frequencies that get used around the world for the most part 450 and 900, a traditionally what we use for GNSS corrections. India interestingly enough, is 866 megahertz. May require a license, so that's another thing we have to factor and sometimes this amp license free depending on what country we're selling into. The UTS, the optical system we talked about earlier, that uses a 2.4 gigahertz radio. So, this might be a bridge too far, but we'll see if you can get there. What do you think would be a big difference between the 450 and the 900 and the 2.4 gig? Think about range versus bandwidth. So, the 450, you got a long way, but you can as you push that much data over it. The 2.4, you can push a lot of data, but the range is a lot shorter. So, that's another thing that has to be factored into. Think about a road along linear job, many teams 20, 30s of kilometers long, you end up having to drop these things down that card or want to add anything? Traditional stuff that you'd all be familiar with as well. WiFi and cell, so that's another area I guess to your question that's coming in in terms of technology, we're getting more and more of these construction sites are connected to the Internet. So, they're not just an isolated pocket with some 2.4 and some 450 radios have actually got a back-office, it's connected to the Internet and then they end up putting cell repeaters or WiFi repeaters down the corridor, so the machines can be connected with the true Internet connection themselves back to the Cloud. Yeah, and that's a fair point as one of the devices you'll see here. Different service providers around the world, so 3G, 4G, LTE. Yes, for us obviously the big ones between Verizon and AT&T, so that's pretty hard. It's just a challenge for a company like Trimble, that's in that space where you're not having to make multiple variants of things like much like an Apple find set up for Verizon, LTE versus a different type of technology.
