In this module, we'll study about smartphone operating systems. We'll focus on the Android and the iOS. This is because these two are dominating the smartphone operating systems. We will look into the evolution and then the architecture of iOS and Android, but we will start with iOS first. The reason is because the first smartphone, the iPhone, was using iOS, and this was the first operating system to go into action. So, iOS evolution here we go. Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone on January 9th, 2007, and the iPhone and the iPad started a new era of smart devices, mobile apps, and mobile computing. This was a revolution in the electronics and IT industry. IOS 1 was released in June of 2007. This was the operating system of the first iPhone, and it included the features of the Core iOS user interface supporting capacitive touchscreen, pinch-to-zoom where you could zoom in like that, and also inertial scrolling where you put your finger and roll up and it will continue based on the movement. Mobile Safari web browser was included and visual voicemail was included, and Google Maps was used where the map were used as a reference of your location to support location-based services in the future, where your GPS module would provide you with information of longitude and latitude such that you could be pinpointed on the Google Map. IOS 1.1 was released in September of 2007. The iPod Touch compatibility was included and iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store was connectable. IOS 1.1.3 was released in January of 2008, and web clips on home screen were available, and icon arrangement features were also included. A multi-touch keyboard became available to use and improved location finding capabilities were added. The approximate position of where you were was collected from information that was provided from the base stations as well as the access points. Base stations as in terms of your mobile communication base station, and access points as in terms of your Wi-Fi access points. So, this information was used combined together to help you find your location in addition to possible GPS information. In iOS 2, which was released in July of 2008, the App Store became available. This is a true revolution in mobile app distribution. Improved app browsing and installation became possible. In addition, the iOS software development kit was made such that more functional apps could be designed and improved appearance was enabled. The SDKs enabled developers to develop apps and place them on the App Store. So, all of this going together is indeed a true revolution of how mobile applications were becoming available and could be developed. IOS 2 also included contact search, as well as Microsoft Exchange support, and MobileMe. In iOS 2.1, which was released in September of 2008, the battery life and speed fixes were made in which the battery life was extended and speeds, the operation speed, the interactive response time were reduced. The iTunes Genius playlists became available and the dropped call problems were fixed. IOS 2.2 was released in November of 2008 and Google Street view was included. In addition, podcast downloads became available. IOS 3 was released in June of 2009 where cut, copy, and paste, this feature was added such that new text-selection metaphor that works well with touch was added. In addition, push notifications for third-party apps became available. In addition, voice control became available and the features of Multimedia Message Service, MMS, became available and USB and Bluetooth tethering became available. In addition, landscape keyboard and Find My iPhone were now available. IOS 3.2 was released in April of 2010. Support for iPad resolution was included and new app views for iPad were included as well. Location based on Apple data and Bluetooth keyboard support was included. In addition too, iBooks. IOS 4 was released on June of 2010 and multitasking became available. Multitasking as in terms of fast app switching and saved state were the features that enabled effective multitasking. This allows an app to save the current state for easy reuse when returning to the app after multitasking. Now, one thing to notice that the apps on a smartphone, on an iPhone, they were made to be energy efficient. In addition, a smartphone has a limited amount of processing capability in its chipset and CPU and GPU. In addition, it has a limited amount of resources in memory. In addition, it has a limited battery. So therefore, a lot of the apps that are on an iPhone typically have a time mechanism in which if you do not use it for a sufficient amount of time, then it will actually go off. Because of this even though you're doing multitasking and the multitasking features are now available on iOS 4, sometimes if you don't go back to that app quick enough, it may be terminated. That's not terminating due to the operating system, it's the app itself being energy and process efficient. Retina Display support was also added. Now, for this, in the following lecture, we're going to talk about iOS architecture which we'll go through the operating system layers as well as the kernel and device driver characteristics. There, in that lecture, further details about the iOS and how these features are connected to will be taught. So, until then, we'll go over the major features based on this evolution trend and we will continue. IOS 4 also includes FaceTime video chat using Wi-Fi, which was a very popular application. In addition, home screen folders became available where you could drag and drop an app icon on another app icon and then automatically an app folder will be formed. IOS 4.2.5 was released on February of 2011 and it included personal hotspot using CDMA technology. This means that basically you could create a hotspot using your iPhone, where you're connected to 3G mobile communication CDMA technology through the mobile communication network as you're connected to the base station, and use Wi-Fi to expand your network and serve as a hotspot itself. In addition, in iOS 4.3, which was released on March 2011, the personal hotspot using GSM, mobile communication technology was added. One of the characteristics you can see is that CDMA technology was a third-generation mobile communication technology which had a higher data rate support compared to GSM. Although GSM adding itself is valuable. The reason is because, although GSM, which is a second generation mobile communication technology, supports a lower, much lower data rate, still, due to the fact that GSM coverage is almost everywhere, that even at a lower data rate, some of the data services were very useful. Whereas, your CDMA hotspot, in the former page that you saw, provided higher data rates. However, in some cases, there will be limited places where only GSM and not CDMA would be available. That's where this would become more useful. iOS 5 was released in October of 2011 and it included some very significant upgrades. In iCloud, being the first one, where File Backup and multi-device synchronization became available. In other words, your iPhone, as well as your iPad, could be synchronized in its overall applications and data through your iCloud. Then, Siri was added, which is a virtual assistant that is based on voice control. This replaced the voice control application that was originally on the former versions of the iOS. iMessage was added and it became very popular because free multimedia message exchanges now became available. In addition, no more PC Activation requirements were linked. Meaning that, an iOS 5 device does not need to be physically tethered to a computer through a USB cable when it is activated. This means that the device can be activated and stand alone all by itself. iOS six 6 was released in September of 2012 and it included Apple's maps. So therefore, a departure from Google Maps was made at this time. In addition, FaceTime over mobile cellular networks became possible and an included improved Apple ID integration. iOS 6 also included Passbook, which is a mobile payment and rewards card mechanism. The mobile payments included tickets, coupons, boarding passes, that were included in its service range. In addition, Siri enhancements were added where sports scores, schedules, and player data could be called upon. Restaurant reviews from Yelp were also available now, and reservations from OpenTable became available as well, and Siri car control was added. However, this was for future development as Siri car control was not actually controlling a product at that time. So, this was for future usage. iOS 7 was released on September of 2013 and it included Touch ID, which is a fingerprint biometric sensor to unlock your phone. In addition, password-less purchases from the App Store became available. In addition, AirDrop was added which enabled Ad-hoc sharing of images, videos, and files. In some social network applications, you could share images and videos. However, in some cases, they would reduce the resolution of your video or image and one of the characteristics of AirDrop is that you could send images and videos at their original resolution. Therefore, AirDrop became very popular. FaceTime Audio, where audio-only versions of FaceTime between Apple users Using Wi-Fi, 3G, or LTE became possible. iOS 8 was released in September of 2014. It included continuity which works with Apple's new Mac OS X 10.10, Yosemite, for enhanced interactivity between your iPhone, your iPad, and Mac computer, and y ou can send and receive text messages from a Mac. In addition, you could take a phone call from a Mac, making your Mac more like a iPhone-ish. In addition, third party keyboard support became possible in iOS 8 as well. Also, you had the HealthKit and HomeKit, where the HealthKit was a hub for third party fitness tracker data and the home kit was for home automation but this was for future development. In addition, the iPhone was going to be serving as a remote controller for the entire home when home automation became available through the HomeKit operating system support. iOS 9 was released in September of 2015 and 3D Touch, which is included an iPhone 6S, 6S Plus, 7, and 7 Plus was included. So, when pressing or holding the iPhone screen, it will trigger a pressure sensitive capability that will open up menus and actions. In addition, News and Spotlight Search was added, where this would be able to provide additional information based on user experience. In addition, Wallet and Move to iOS where some of the main features in iOS 9, where the Wallet replaces the Passbook app and it enhances the features of Apple Pay with support for Discover credit cards and Discover debit cards, store reward programs, and other things. This was a win-win situation for Discover credit cards and the iOS 9 wallet features. Move to ios made it easier to migrate from a Android device to an iOS device. So, if you are going to purchase a iPhone or an iPad then move to iOS would be able to pick up the data and your preferences, as well as some possible apps, and then move it over easily to your new iPhone or iPad. iOS 10 was released in September of 2016. It allows hiding home screen icons of built-in apps. Lock Screen features were added where at the lock screen state you could swipe left to open your camera, you could swipe right to open your Today view, and by pressing the home button, you could unlock your device. Home feature was for new Home app to securely manage and control the HomeKit-enabled accessories. iOS 11 was released on September 2017 and the Files and Dock for iPad were some of its main features. Where for files, the file manager for iOS devices included cloud storage. For Dock, the app controller center to quickly open and switch apps was added. In addition, for iPads, we had multitasking, where two apps at the same time could be used. Slide over and split view mode became available. For drag and drop, you could move texts, photos, and files from one app to another using drag and drop gestures. In addition, the Apple Pencil function where instant markup, and instant notes, in line drawing, and scan and sign became available. In the ARKit, the ARKit stands for Augmented Reality kit. This is a Augmented Reality platform for iOS devices. Then, there's the Control Center customizing feature that was added. These are the references that I use. Now, we're going to go into the iOS architecture to show how all of these features are actually programmed and working on top of a processing kernel, and that will be the next lecture. Thank you
