Welcome to this video on the first step that the researcher has to take in developing a research proposal. After watching this video, you will be able to bring focus into your research topic, and to formulate the academic societal relevance of your research. The first step in developing a research proposal is to define the topic of the research. This is generally called the research problem. The research problem is not necessarily a problem in the common sense, it can be also an interest of the researcher. However, the research problem is often an issue related to a real problem, in urban management, planning, or policy. In the interview with Julia Skinner, you heard Julia talk about her research to Lima. If you look at the city like Lima, problems like poverty, pollution, traffic congestion, or informality come to mind. These may indeed be problems, for the city. But for a research problem, there are very broad and general. A research problem has to be much more clearly defined and demarcated. A good definition of the research problem leads to a feasible and relevant research. This feasibility is determined by time and resources available for the research, but also by the complexity of the problem to be researched. If the research problem is too broadly defined, the research may remain superficial and not generate real new insights. If the research problem is defined in a too limited way, the research may lose relevance, as the research investigates the problem in a too isolated and narrow way. For example, the study will focus on the causes of informality in Lima is very broad. Is it about contemporary causes, or also historical causes? Will the study look at all causes separately, or will it link causes to each other? Will it look at more or less important causes? In short, the formulation focus on the causes of informality in Lima lacks sufficient demarcation. On the other hand, this study will focus on how the closing of a cement factory with 50 employees contributed to the increase of informal employment in Lima, is too narrowly focused. The importance of one factory with 50 employees for the total economy of Lima, with almost 10 million inhabitants, is negligible, and the effects of the closure will not be measurable. How can you deal with a challenge to demarcate a feasible and relevant problem statement within a larger topic or problematic situation? First is to unravel the complex problematic situations into smaller sub-problems, and to choose once a problem that is relevant to the main problem, and also of interest to you as a researcher. The second step is to review academic literature on these sub-problems, in order to find out what the state-of-the-art knowledge is on these problems or topics. Other research done on these topics will give you an idea what is already known about the sub-problems, but also which aspects require further investigation. Through this process of academic literature review, the researcher links his or her research topic to actual academic knowledge, and establishes academic relevance to do research. Let me show this to you in an example. In her thesis, Julia Skinner focused on the land titling programme in Lima. Through this programme, the government expects to boost the local economy, and reduce poverty, since formal land title would give the informal settler access to financial services. For instance, Julia wanted to know what effect of the land titling programme is on access to credit. Now, this is an example of a well-demarcated research topic. The expectation of the government is rooted in the theories on informality by Amanullah De Soto, an influential but also much criticized Peruvian economist. Julia refute the theory on informality by De Soto. She also reviewed the different studies that have already been carried out, on the effects of the land titling programme. From these studies, she learns that there is hardly an increase in the use of formal credits among the formerly informal settlers. She also learns that her research question has already been studied at length. It is not academically nor practically relevant anymore to study it again. Therefore, Julia decides, not to focus on the effects of the land titling on formal credit use. But on explaining under what circumstances people need and access credit. The programme's statement leads to her research objective. And you will learn more about her research objective in the next video. Thank you for watching.