[MUSIC] Hi everybody. My name is Maddalena Ripa and I'm a post doctorate researcher at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Welcome to this session. The goal of this session is to understand how to study the profile of human activities inside the metabolic patterns of society and why human activity is so important in analytics and in particular into the approach. In the next ten minutes session, we individuate the categories of structure and functional types determining the aggregated profile of human activity. So, our people allocate their time as being a cornerstone of many decades. But, why time has become so important? I will explain you with a very simple example based on Robinson Crusoe. So Robinson Crusoe dilemma, imagine that Robinson Crusoe is assumed to be shipwrecked on a deserted island. And Crusoe has two main activities to participate in, gathering coconuts or pass his time in leisure. And yes, there are only 24 hours per day and one person. Of course, the more time is spent in leisure, the less food he has to eat. And conversely, the more he spends time gathering coconuts, the less time he has for leisure. So, the key concept here is that human time called Human Activity in MuSIASEM jargon is a major constraint. As you have seen before Human Activity is included in MuSIASEM as a fund according to definition of flow fund given Georgescu-Roegen. Georgescu Roegen define the metabolism of human society as a concept used to characterize the process of energy and material transformation in a society which are necessary for its existence. According to Georgescu-Roegen who responded the concept the idea of Lotka, the metabolic pattern of modern society can be associated with two forms of conversion. Endosomatic Metabolism which means conversion of energy within the human body such as food converted into physiological activities. And the second one, the exosomatic metabolism, which means conversions of energy taking place outside the human body like such as an engine converting fuels. And so, by accounting hours of human activity on categories associated with specific tasks, we can also track quantities of exosomatic energy required for this task. This means that tracking where human activities are located allows to identify the compartments where exosomatic energy is metabolized. This, of course, requires a careful identification of the system boundaries in the analysis. But how much time do we have? The total human activity, expressed always in hours per year, is defined by the size of society which is the population size multiplied by 8,760 hours per year which is the product between 24 hours per day and 365 days per year. So, in this sense, and as we said before, human activity controls the metabolic pattern of society and therefore the exosomatic conversions required to you to fulfill tasks in society. Here we have an example of how human activity is related to the demographic structure of society. In fact, the demographics characteristics are the key to the identity of a society. Here, we have an example of Italy and China. And we can identify three range of population, young-age population, working-age population, and old-age population. As you can see, Italy as much each people compared to China and this is something that we need to take into account, into consideration in our analysis. Since China has much more working age population so the demographic structure define the structure types forming the society. Here, we have the structural types given by the demography. The three ones that I showed before and, but these structural type can perform can carried out different functions. The function are given by the identity of a society. For example, in a country, we can have different functions different activities performed such as sleeping, eating et cetera. Paid work, non paid work, study and later and et cetera. Of course, this function will change if we take in account a different system. Such as a rural community. So the function performed depends on the system under analysis and allocation of human time defines where the metabolism flows and enters into the system. If we take into account only the working age population, this range population can be split into active population and non-active population. The active population can be further split into employed and non-employed. The non-active population includes students, homemakers, early-retired, inability person, et cetera. And each functional type which is employed, unemployed, students, homemakers, and the early-retired can perform different functions. In general, almost the 50% of total human activity is given to physiological overage, which includes, eating, the time allocated to eating, sleeping, and personal care. But different functional type can perform also other functions or other activities. Like students study perform, of course spend most of the time in study. And employed in paid work, or makers in non-paid work including also chores volunteering, commuting etc. Early retired in leisure and employed also in the other functional type as also leisure etc. But at the level of society, the same function that we have in the list is also carried out by several structure and functional types as you can see. This is an example of the early profile of activities expressed n house, carried out by students in Spain in 2012. So the student as a functional type is characterized according to the set of activities, meaning, function that it carried out. Also, this is the profile, the healy profile of activities, expressed in hours, carried out by a full time worker in Spain, in 2012 So here, in this slide, we are defined the different profiles of activity expressed in an hour for a different function of type, worker, student, retired, homemaker. But we can have, of course, more functional type. And here, we have the skinny factor which is the relative sides of the structural types. Meaning, the faction of the total population is composite by the particular structural type. So, On the left, we have the percentage of functional types in the range of working age population, in Spain in 2012. On the other side, we have the profile of function expressed as hour per year. Using the profile of human activity, we can define the use of humanity, of total human activity in Spain in 2012. So we have the total human activity, which can be split into 50% for physiological overhead, and 50% is the disposable human time. The Physiological Overhead is necessary, is needed to maintain, to sustain the society. Conversely, the Disposable Human Time can be divided, can be split into 24% of total human time and Leisure. The 17% in unpaid work + commuting which includes also part of the time given by unemployed people. 80% of total human and time in paid work and 1% in study. If we focus more on the paid work, We can split the working hours into different sectors. So the 21% of working time is given to the primary and secondary sector. The rest is given to service and government. For the split primary, secondary sector, we can see that the 4% of working type is given to agriculture, forestry and fishing and the 16% to manufacturing and construction and the 1% is given to the energy sector. If we focus more on the service and government, we can see that we can also split into different subsector which includes human health and social work, education, public administration, support services, financial and insurance activities, information and communication, accommodation and food service, and wholesale and retail trade. In Spain in 2010, we have the majority of working hours that are located Biblical adminstration and whole trade and retail trade. This is a quite common profile in the European country as you can see, as we can see in these slides. In fact, developed countries have the majority of working hours allocated in the service and government sector. The blue bar that we can see in the slide, and this is the split of the subsectors in service and government in different European countries in 2012. So, the lesson learned are that the fund elements such as human activity in this case impose constraints on the viability domain of the metabolic pattern of society. Two, the profile of functions carried out by each structural type will define the social identity of the person, as a student, worker, etc. While the profile of function carried out by the society as a whole will define the identity of the system as the developed country, rural community, etc. Third but not least, human activity acts as a sensor to detect key compartments for exosomatic metabolism so detect the compartments in which the flows are metabolised. I hope have enjoyed this session, and see you for the next, bye.
