In this module, we will be talking about comparing the US social welfare system to other major industrialized countries in the world. So, it's great to have you back in the course and to be thinking with me about social policy and US social policy. So, US social policies is compared usually to other nations that have a history of having been developed and have the wealth to carry a substantial social policy system. So, in the world, there are countries that are still remain agrarian, they are village-based and their social welfare systems such as it is really community support in villages. Then, there are nations that are in the midst of shifting from a village life to a industrial life. They tend to have large barrios or slums around their cities, people are moving from the villages to the cities and they're in the midst of trying to cope with this transition, which is a very important historical transition that the US traveled through in the late 18th century and early 19th century along with other developed nations like France, and England, and Germany, and the Nordic countries. Later in the 20th century, some Asian nations made this traverse Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and you can ask and at the moment China is in the middle of this traverse to moving from an agrarian country to an industrial country. So, when we do comparisons, we're constantly thinking about, how do we understand the choices that the US has made? In doing that, we want them to be comparable to countries that have the same kind of resources to do that. So, I'm going to be with you for the moment talking about that. So in the world right now there's an organization called The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD. It is made up of 36 nation states. Most of the developed nations in the world are part of it, and many of the developing nations of the world or part of it. You'll see in the screen there's a URL if you want to learn more about the OECD, but they provide data that is comparable and allows us to think about how do we compare the US social welfare systems to other countries that have made choices in this world. So, if we're thinking about comparing, what are we thinking about? The beginning level of thinking about that is how much are we investing and then what are the outcomes. We measure the investment by comparing currencies, by comparing the consumption levels. So, how much is any nation spending on a particular item, say education, health care, income distribution? We do that most often by comparing what percent of their gross domestic product they're spending. So, gross domestic product is a measurement of everything the nation makes and everything the nation spends, and every nation has a measure of their GDP. Then, when it comes to measuring outcomes the question is, what's the goal of the expenditure and are the goals comparable? So, there are a set of goals that take us back to values. There's one set of goals that are efficiency, are we using the resources in a way that make them the most effective. We'll be talking more about efficiency as the course goes on, and so we'll be using these efficiency measures to think about how we manage social welfare. Then, there's the issue of equity. Is the system fair? Are people treated the same way? If I fill out an application or ask for something, am I treated the same way? Often this is a measure of corruption. In the industrialized world, we typically have very serious measures in place to make sure to limit corruption, and so we work hard on trying to create a system that is more equitable. Then, we measure whether it's adequate. Does it provide people what they need? Does it give people a basic education? Does it provide the health care that people need? Adequacy is an important way of thinking about social welfare. Finally, we think about equality. Is everybody getting their fair share? Are we dividing the resources of the nation in a way that make this distribution fair? Here we're going to come back to the questions of individualism and the common good. So, thinking about comparing, which we're going to be doing, we're going to be thinking about measuring investment and measuring outcome, and then looking at what are the outcomes that we are most concerned about?